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Head-Related Transfer Function and Acoustic Virtual Reality
von: Kazuhiro Iida
Springer-Verlag, 2019
ISBN: 9789811397455 , 237 Seiten
Format: PDF, Online Lesen
Kopierschutz: Wasserzeichen
Preis: 149,79 EUR
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Preface
5
Contents
7
Chapter 1: Introduction
11
1.1 Why Research HRTFs
11
1.2 What Is an HRTF?
12
1.3 HRTF and HRIR
13
1.4 Sound Source and Sound Image
14
1.5 Coordinate System
15
1.6 Brief History of HRTF Research - Current Achievements and Research Questions to Be Settled
17
1.6.1 Origin of the HRTF
17
1.6.2 Physical Characteristics of the HRTF
17
1.6.3 Reproduction of the Direction of a Sound Image by Reproduction of the HRTF
18
1.6.4 Cues for the Perception of Lateral Direction
18
1.6.5 Cues for the Perception of Vertical Direction
18
1.6.6 Physiological Mechanism for the Perception of the Direction of a Sound Image
19
1.6.7 HRTF Models
19
1.6.8 Standardization of the HRTF
20
1.6.9 Individualization of the HRTF
20
1.6.10 Measurement of the HRTF
21
1.6.11 Numerical Calculation of the HRTF
21
1.6.12 Directional Band
21
References
22
Chapter 2: HRTF and Sound Localization in the Horizontal Plane
25
2.1 HRTF in the Horizontal Plane
25
2.2 Sound Localization in the Horizontal Plane
26
2.2.1 Localization Using the listener´s Own HRTFs
26
2.2.2 Localization Using Others´ HRTFs
28
2.3 Cues for Lateral Localization
29
2.3.1 Interaural Time Difference (ITD)
30
2.3.2 Interaural Level Difference (ILD)
31
2.4 Cone of Confusion
32
2.5 Summing Sound Image Localization Using Multiple Sound Sources
33
References
34
Chapter 3: HRTF and Sound Localization in the Median Plane
35
3.1 HRTFs in the Median Plane
35
3.2 Sound Localization in the Median Plane
36
3.2.1 Localization Using listener´s Own HRTFs
36
3.2.2 Localization Using Others´ HRTFs
38
3.2.3 Three Major Errors Regarding Sound Localization in the Median Plane
40
3.3 Cues for Vertical Localization
41
3.3.1 Overview of Spectral Cues
41
3.3.2 Details of Spectral Cues
41
3.4 Role of Spectral Information at both Ears in Median Plane Localization
48
3.5 Origin of Spectral Cues
51
3.5.1 Contribution of Pinnae
51
3.5.2 Origin of Peaks
55
3.5.3 Origin of Notches
59
3.6 HRTF Learning by Subjects
61
3.7 Knowledge of Sound Source
63
3.8 Physiological Mechanism of Notch Detection
64
3.9 Head Movement
64
References
65
Chapter 4: Individuality of HRTF
68
4.1 Individual Differences in HRTFs
68
4.1.1 Individual Differences in Amplitude Spectra
68
4.1.2 Individual Differences in Spectral Cues
70
4.1.3 Individual Differences in Interaural Time Difference
71
4.1.4 Individual Differences in Interaural Level Difference
72
4.2 Individual Differences in the Pinna and Head Shape
75
4.2.1 Individual Differences in Pinna Shape
76
4.2.2 Individual Differences in Head Shape
77
4.3 Standardization of HRTFs
79
4.3.1 Sound Image Localization with the HRTFs of a Dummy Head
79
4.3.2 Sound Image Localization Using Robust HRTF Sets
82
4.4 Individualization of HRTFs
91
4.4.1 Individualization of Amplitude Spectra of HRTFs
92
4.4.2 Measures for Physical Evaluation of Individual Differences of HRTFs
103
4.4.3 Individualization of ITD
105
4.4.4 Individualization of ILD
108
4.4.5 Expected Future Development
111
References
112
Chapter 5: HRTF and Sound Image Control for an Arbitrary Three-Dimensional Direction
115
5.1 Spatial Interpolation of HRTF
115
5.2 Similarity of Notches and Peaks Among Sagittal Planes
116
5.3 Three-Dimensional Sound Image Control Using the Median Plane HRTFs and Interaural Differences
119
5.3.1 Three-Dimensional Sound Image Control Using the Measured HRTFs in the Median Plane and Interaural Differences
119
5.3.2 Three-Dimensional Sound Image Control Using the Parametric HRTFs in the Median Plane and Interaural Differences
122
5.3.3 Three-Dimensional Sound Image Control Using the Best-Matching HRTF and the ITD
124
5.4 Summing Localization Between Sagittal Planes
125
References
128
Chapter 6: Directional Band and Spectral Cue
130
6.1 Directional Band
130
6.2 Individual Differences in Directional Bands
130
6.3 Band Widths of Directional Bands
131
6.4 Relationship Between Directional Band and Spectral Cue
135
References
135
Chapter 7: Distance Perception and HRTF
136
7.1 Sound Source Distance and Sound Image Distance
136
7.2 Physical Characteristics that Affects Sound Image Distance
137
7.2.1 Sound Pressure Level
137
7.2.2 Time Delay of Reflections
139
7.2.3 Incident Direction
139
References
148
Chapter 8: Speech Intelligibility and HRTF
149
8.1 Binaural Masking Level Difference
149
8.2 Influence of Incident Direction on Word Intelligibility
150
References
153
Chapter 9: Measurement Method for HRTF
154
9.1 Configuration of the Measurement System
154
9.2 Measurement Signal
154
9.3 Loudspeakers
158
9.4 Microphones
158
9.5 Subjects
159
9.6 Derivation Method for HRTFs
160
9.7 Short-Time HRTF Measurement Method
161
References
161
Chapter 10: Signal Processing of HRTF
162
10.1 Method for Calculating the ITD and the ILD
162
10.2 Extracting Method of Spectral Cues
163
10.3 Method for Convolution of the HRIR and Sound Source Signal
167
10.3.1 Calculation in the Time Domain
167
10.3.2 Calculation in the Frequency Domain
169
References
174
Chapter 11: Comparison of HRTF Databases
176
11.1 Representative HRTF Database
176
11.2 Comparison of Spectral Cues
177
11.3 Comparison of Pinna Shape
179
References
182
Chapter 12: Principle of Three-Dimensional Sound Reproduction
183
12.1 Reproduction of Ear Input Signals through Headphones
183
12.1.1 Basic Principle
183
12.1.2 Accuracy of Sound Image Localization
189
12.1.3 Introduction of Dynamic Cue
190
12.2 Reproduction of Ear-Input Signals with Two Loudspeakers
192
12.2.1 Basic Principle
192
12.2.2 Accuracy of Sound Image Localization
195
References
198
Chapter 13: Acoustic VR System
199
13.1 System Configuration
199
13.2 Signal Processing Flow
201
13.3 Application to Concert Hall Acoustics
202
13.4 Application to a Public Address System
204
13.5 Application to Searching for a Sound Source Direction
206
References
209
Appendixes
210
Appendix 1 Perception of Direction of an Actual Sound Source
210
Localization in the Horizontal Plane
210
Localization in the Median Plane
211
Just Noticeable Difference in Perception of Direction
212
Appendix 2 Transmission Path of Sound Waves
213
Room Impulse Response
213
Head-Related Impulse Response
215
Binaural Room Impulse Response
215
Ear Canal Impulse Response
216
Summary of the Transmission Path
217
Appendix 3 Prediction Method of Room Acoustics
217
Numerical Calculation
217
Image Method
218
Ray Tracing Method
219
Numerical Calculation Method Considering the Wave Property of Sound
220
Scale Model Experiment
220
Appendix 4 Time Window
220
Rectangular Window
221
Hanning Window
221
Hamming Window
221
Blackman Window
222
Blackman-Harris Window
223
Appendix 5 Method for Making an Earplug-Type Microphone
226
Making an Ear Mold
226
Materials and Equipment
226
Procedure for Making a Reverse Ear Mold
226
Procedure for Making the Final Mold
229
Making a Microphone
231
Materials and Equipment
231
Preparation of a Microphone
232
Making an Earplug-Type Microphone
233
Appendix 6 HRTFs Using 96-kHz Sampling
234
References
235
Index
236