Handbook of Parenting and Child Development Across the Lifespan

Preface

Acknowledgments

Contents

Part I: How Parents Influence Children’s Development

The Importance of Parenting in Influencing the Lives of Children

Introduction

Parenting Styles and Practices

The Influence of Parenting on Children’s Development, Well-Being, and Life Opportunities

Functions of Parenthood

Taking Care of Basic Needs

Emotional Care

Socialization

Providing Guidance

Providing Boundaries and Limits

Teaching Life Skills and Mentoring

Being a Child Advocate

Supporting Children’s Education

Moral and Spiritual Guidance

Parenting Tasks and Phases of Development

Parenting in Different Family Contexts

Social Ecology of Parenthood

Proximal Influences on Parenting

Personal Resources

Parental Self-Regulation

The Immediate Couple Relationship

The Interactional Context

Attachment Security

Parental Emotional Well-Being

Social Support

Relationships with Grandparents and Extended Family

Work Influences

Parental Physical Health

Access to Parent Education

Distal Influences on Parenting

Parents’ Family of Origin Childhood Experiences

Financial Resources and Income Disparity

Neighborhood Context

Cultural and Religious Contexts

Information Technology

Parenting in a Changing Environment

How Parenting Influences Different Areas of Child Development

Brain Development

Language and Communication

Social-Emotional Development

Peer Relationships

Schooling and Academic Success

Physical Health

Supporting Parents in Their Parenting Role

Implications

Research

Policy

Practice

Conclusions

References

Biological Factors in Parenting and Child Development

Introduction

Background on Biological Measures

Genetics

Neural Structures and Functions

Hormones

Attachment

Adverse Environments and Stress

Parents’ Biological Factors

Caveats and Future Directions

Implications for Policy and Practice

References

Parent–Child Relationships and Attachment

Introduction

Theoretical Background

A Model for Parent–Child Relationships

The Child’s Perspective: Child Attachment

Definition of Attachment

Development of an Attachment Relationship

Individual Differences in the Quality of Child Attachment

Child Attachment and Developmental Consequences

Assessment of Child Attachment

The Parent’s Perspective: Representations of the Child and Relationship

Parental Representations of the Child and the Relationship with the Child

Development of Parental Representations

Classifications of Parental Representations

Assessment of Parental Representations

Link Between Parental Representations and Child Attachment

Parent–Child Observed Interactions

Link Between Quality of Observable Parent–Child Interactions and Attachment Relationships

An Example: Parental Quality Interactions and Child Attachment Security

Parental Interactive Behavior and Disorganized Child Attachment

Conclusion, and Future Research and Implications

References

Social Learning Influences: Modelling, Instructions, Consequences

Introduction

Theoretical Background

Respondent Learning

Operant Learning

Vicarious Learning

Social Learning: An Integration of Learning Concepts

Evidence that Social Learning Processes Link Parenting to Child Development

Disruptive and Antisocial Behavior

Operant Learning of Disruptive Behavior

Operant or Cognitive Learning?

Bidirectional Influences

Summary

Anxiety

Anxiety Runs in Families

Respondent Learning

Vicarious Learning of Anxiety

Overprotective Parenting

Family Involvement in Treatment and Prevention

Summary

Prosocial Behavior

Vicarious Learning of Prosocial Behavior

Operant Learning of Prosocial Behavior

Bidirectional Influences

Strengths and Limitations of the Evidence Base and Future Directions for Research

Implications for Policy and Practice

Conclusions

References

Effects of the Parents’ Relationship on Children

Introduction

Theories of Couple Relationships and How They Impact on Children

An Ecological Model of Parental Relationships

Theories of How Couple Relationships Influence Children

Parental Separation and Family Instability

Parental Conflict

Positive Aspects of Parents’ Relationship and Effects on Children

Couple Interventions to Enhance Child Functioning

Couple Relationship Education for New Parents

The Couple Relationship and the Transition to Parenthood

Content and Outcomes of Couple Relationship Education for New Parents

Other Couple Interventions for Parents in Intact Families

Two Large-Scale Failures in Couple Relationship Education for Parents

Coparenting Interventions for Separated Parents

Some Key Issues in Use of Couple Interventions to Enhance Child Outcomes

Conclusions

References

The Role of Fathers in Supporting Children’s Development

Introduction

Brief History

Theoretical Models

Evidence for Processes Linking Fathers and Fathering to Areas of Child Development

Attachment

Social Development

Emotion-Related Parenting Practices and Children’s Emotional Development

Language

Cognitive Development

Executive Function

Atypical Behavioral Development

Internalizing Problems

Indirect Effects: Paternal Mental Health

Coparenting and Father Involvement

Translational Relations Between Fathering and Child Development

Other Cultures

Strengths and Limitations of the Evidence Base

Future Directions for Research

Implications for Policy and Practice

Conclusion

References

Trauma and Parenting: Considering Humanitarian Crisis Contexts

Introduction

Similarities and Differences Across Contexts

Similarities

Differences

The Importance of Parents: The Protective Shield

Parent Intervention

Natural Disasters

The Situation

Adverse Outcomes for Children

Risk

Individual Child/Youth-Level

Parent/Family-Level

Community-Level

Protective Factors

Individual Child-/Youth-Level

Parent/Family-Level

Community-Level

Parent Interventions

War

The Situation

Adverse Child Outcomes

Risk Factors

Individual Child/Youth-Level

Parent/Family-Level

Community-Level

Protective Factors

Individual Child/Youth-Level

Parent/Family-Level Factors

Community-Level

Parent Interventions

Forced Displacement

The Situation

Adverse Outcomes for Children

Risk Factors

Child/Youth-Level

Parent/Family-Level

Community-Level

Protective Factors

Child/Youth-Level

Parent/Family-Level

Community-Level

Parent Interventions

Limitations of Research Conducted in Humanitarian Contexts

Conclusions

References

Part II: The Effects of Parenting on Children’s Development

Parenting and Human Brain Development

Theoretical Background

Methods of Examining Brain Changes

Anatomy

Structural Images

Task Related Functional Imaging

Resting State Imaging

Individual Differences

Temperament

Genes and Environment

Development of Language and Attention

Language

Phonemes

Building Words and Sentences

Bilingualism

Reading

Attention and Self-Regulation

Alerting

Orienting

Development of Executive Control

Attention and the Control of Emotion

Executive Control During Adolescence

Genes and Parenting

Interventions

Limitations and the Future

Conclusions

References

Effects of Parenting on Young Children’s Language and Communication

Introduction

Theoretical Background of Parents’ Role in Promoting Children’s Language

How Parents Mediate the Child’s Language Learning Environment

Evidence for the Role of Parenting on Children’s Communicative Development

Factors Predicting Positive Parenting

Strength and Limitations of the Evidence Base

Evidence Based on Parenting Intervention Studies

Limitations in the Parenting Intervention Literature

Future Directions for Research

Implications for Policy and Practice in Parenting Interventions

Conclusions

References

The Effects of Parenting on Emotion and Self-Regulation

Introduction

Theoretical Background: Conceptual Definitions

What is Self-Regulation?

What Is Emotion Regulation?

The Nature and Significance of Self-Regulation and Emotion Regulation

Importance of Self-Regulation

Importance of Emotion Regulation

The Emergence of Self-Regulation and Emotion Regulation During Childhood

Development of Self-Regulation

Development of Emotion Regulation

Evidence for Effects of Parents and Parenting on Specific Areas of Child Development

Effects of Parenting on Children’s Self-regulation

Effects of Parenting on Children’s Emotion Regulation

Additional Influences on the Development of SR and ER

Interventions to Enhance Self-regulation in Children

Current Limitations and Future Research Directions

Implications for Policy and Practice

Conclusions

References

Peer and Sibling Relationships

Introduction

Impacts of Supportive Peer and Sibling Relationships

Impact of Supportive Peer and Sibling Relationships on Well-Being

Supportive Relationships Protect Against Adversity

Adverse Impacts of Peer and Sibling Relationships

Theoretical Background

Evidence for Effects of Parents and Parenting on Peer and Sibling Relationships

Evidence for Pathways of Parental Influence

Facilitative Parenting

Evidence of Effectiveness of Parenting Interventions for Peer and Sibling Relationships

Parenting and Family Interventions Targeting Sibling Relationships

Strengths and Limitations of the Evidence Base

Future Directions for Research

Implications for Policy and Practice

Conclusions

References

Schooling and Academic Attainment

Introduction

Theoretical Background

The Investment Model

The Family Stress Model

Parent Involvement in Learning and Education: A Developmental Perspective

Evidence for Effects of Parents and Parenting on Academic Attainment

Early Childhood and School Readiness, Mental Health and Academic Achievement

Later Childhood and Adolescence and Impact on Academic Attainment

Strengths and Limitations of the Evidence Base

Future Directions for Research/Implications for Policy and Practice

Conclusions

References

Children’s Health, Physical Activity, and Nutrition

Introduction

Child Chronic Health Conditions

Child Nutrition

Child Activity Levels

Theoretical Models: Understanding the Link Between Parenting and Child Health

Taking a Multidisciplinary Context-Based Perspective

From Parenting Behaviors and Beliefs to Child Health

Parental Modeling and Healthy Eating

Integrating Biological Mechanisms

Evidence for Effects of Parenting on Specific Areas of Child Development

Clinical Observations

Correlational Studies

Longitudinal Studies

Studies of Physiological Markers

Reviews and Meta-Analyses

Intervention Research

Strengths and Limitation of the Evidence Base

Future Directions for Research

Implications for Policy and Practice

Conclusions

References

Children with Developmental Disorders

Introduction

The Process of Diagnosis

Features of Some Developmental Disorders

Issues Related to the Parent

The Impact of Parenting on Development

The Theoretical Perspective

Parenting Practices and Child Development

Evidence Base for the Impact of Parenting on Child Development

Focus on Parents Taking Care of Their Own Needs

Conclusion

References

Part III: Determinants of Parenting

Child Characteristics and Their Reciprocal Effects on Parenting

Introduction

Changing Conceptualizations of Child Development and Parenting

Child Individuality

Age

Gender

Individual Differences in Temperament and Personality

Conceptualizations of Temperament

Stability of Temperament Over Time

Biological Underpinnings of Temperament

The Measurement of Temperament

Associations Between Temperament and Personality

‘One Size Fits All’?

Research Evidence

Temperament and Parenting

Direct Effects

Indirect Effects

Bidirectional Effects

Interactional Effects

Gender

Chronic Illness

Summary

Interventions Focusing on Child Individuality

Discussion

Child Individuality Matters

How Individual Differences Interact with Parenting

Temperament-Focused Interventions

Limitations and Future Directions

Lack of Ecological Focus

Predominance of Research on Western Middle-Class Samples

Neglect of Fathers

Biological Influences

Meaningfulness of Statistical Interaction Terms

Conclusion

References

Self-Regulation and Parental Mental Health

Introduction

Theoretical Background

Definitions and Terminologies

Children Growing Up with a Parent with Mental Health Difficulties

The Concept and Processes of Self-Regulation

Evidence for Determinants of Parenting

SMI and Self-Regulation: Examples from Schizophrenia

Building a Model of Self-Regulatory Processes, Parental Mental Health and the Family

Interpersonal Models of Self-Regulation and SMI

Moderating Effects

The Significance of Parental Mental Health: Sudden and Unexpected Changes Versus Long-Term Challenges

The Significance of Parental Mental Health: Mothers’ Versus Fathers’ Illnesses

Children’s Age and Gender

The Importance of Hearing the Views of Children, Families, and Health Professionals

Acknowledging the Subjectivity of Family Experience

Positive Experiences in Families Living with SMI

Individual and Family Resilience

Evidence-Based Practice: What the Evidence Tells Us

Clinical Effectiveness

Cost-Effectiveness

Intervention Acceptability

Future Directions for Research

Implications for Policy and Practice

Identifying Why So Few Interventions Are Offered

Engaging Families

Developing Practice

Engaging Health Services, Systems, and Policy Makers

Acknowledging Responsibilities for Child Protection

Fostering Interagency Collaboration

Working with Multifaceted Needs

Conclusion

References

Parental Cognitions: Relations to Parenting and Child Behavior

Introduction

Theoretical Models of Parental Cognitions

Parental Cognitions About the Child: Stable/Schema-Based

Parental Cognitions About the Child: Dynamic/Event-Dependent

Parental Cognitions About the Parenting Role

State of the Evidence: Strengths and Limitations

Future Directions and Implications

Conclusions

References

Family Structure and the Nature of Couple Relationships: Relationship Distress, Separation, Divorce, and Repartnering

Introduction

Theoretical Background

Process Model of the Determinants of Parenting

Family Systems Theory and Indirect Effect Models

Coparenting

Evidence for Determinants of Parenting

Relationship Distress in Parental Couples

Separation and Divorce Among Parents

Repartnering and Stepfamilies

Strengths and Limitations of the Evidence Base

Future Directions for Research

Implications for Policy and Practice

Intact Families

Divorced Families

Stepfamilies

Conclusions

References

Social Support and Relationships with Family and Friends

Introduction

Humans Are Fundamentally Social

Theories of Social Influence on Parenting

Urie Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Framework

Developmental Psychopathology

Development Occurs Within Nested Contexts

The Dynamic Interplay of Physiological, Genetic, Social, Cognitive, Emotional, and Cultural Influences Across Time

Parenting is the Balance of Risk and Protective Factors

Development Processes are Lawful, Although Many of the Processes are Yet to be Discovered

Social Cognitive Theory

Supporting High-Risk Parents

Summary

Intergenerational Transmission of Parenting

Attachment Theory

The Transmission Gap

What is Transmitted Across Generations?

What are the Mechanisms and Mediators of Intergenerational Transmission of Parenting?

What Mediates the Transmission or Discontinuity of Parenting Across Generations?

Summary

Community and Neighborhood Influence on Parenting

The Influence of Family on Parenting

The Changing Structure of Families: Who is Raising the Children?

The Quality of the Marriage as a Social Determinant of Parenting

Three Principal Explanations for the Influence of Marriage on Parenting

Affective Spillover

Stress and Coping

Family Risk

Bringing the Baby Home

Domestic Violence and Parenting

Good Marriages Can Moderate Early Experiences

Summary

Grandmothers’ Influence on Parenting

Summary

Friends: Offline and Online

Natural Social Networks

Formal Helping Relationships to Support Parenting

Online Social Networks

Tend and Befriend

Summary

Strengths and Limitations of the Evidence

Future Direction of the Research

Big Data

Epigenetics

Social Media

Implications for Policy and Practice

Conclusion

References

Cultural Background and Religious Beliefs

Introduction

Theoretical Background and Evidence

Parental Ethnotheories of Development

Cultural Self-Construal

Socialization of Affect Expression

Self-Enhancement Versus Self-Improvement

Parental Control

Indigenous Parenting

Latino American: Familism

Respeto

Asian American: Filial Piety

Guan or Training

Shaming

African American

Migration and Acculturation Considerations

Socialization of Ethnic Identity

Acculturation

Religion and Religious Beliefs

Sanctification of Parenting

Christian Conservatism

Religiosity and Parenting Practices

Buddhism

Religion and Affect Valuation

Strengths, Limitations, and Future Directions

Implications for Policy and Practice

Conclusions

References

Work, Poverty, and Financial Stress

Theoretical Background

Poverty and Its Impact on Child Outcomes

Employment and Its Impact on Family

Evidence for Determinants of Parenting

Strengths and Limitations of the Evidence Base

Future Directions for Research

Implications for Policy and Practice

Conclusions

References

Long-Distance Parenting: The Impact of Parental Separation and Absence due to Work Commitments on Families

Introduction

Overview of Categories of Parental Absence due to Work Commitments

Long–Distance Commuting

Military Service and Deployment

Theoretical Background

Evidence for Determinants of Parenting: How Does Parental Absence Affect Parenting?

Impact on Parenting

Impact on Parental Mental Health

Impact on Use of Harsh and Coercive Discipline Practices and Risk of Child Maltreatment

Impact on the Couple and Coparenting Relationship

Impact on Children

Strengths and Limitations of the Evidence Base

Future Directions for Research

Implications for Policy and Practice

Conclusions

References

Communities, Neighborhoods, and Housing

Introduction

Theoretical Background

Evidence for Determinants of Parenting

Housing Characteristics

Neighborhood Characteristics

Community Characteristics

Strengths and Limitations of the Evidence Base

Future Directions for Research

Implications for Policy and Practice

Conclusions

References

Policies and Services Affecting Parenting

Introduction

Theoretical Background

The Changing Shape of the Family

Work–Life Balance

Family-Focused Policy

The US: A Liberal Welfare State Approach

Germany: Moving Beyond a Conservative Welfare Approach

Sweden: A Social Democratic Approach

Supporting the Vulnerable

Parenting Specific Policy

Strengths and Limitation of the Evidence Base

Future Directions for Research

Conclusions: Implications for Policy and Practice

References

Part IV: Tasks and Challenges of Parenting and Child Development Across the Lifespan

Preparation for Parenthood

Introduction

Specific Tasks and Challenges when Preparing for Parenthood

Biological Changes

Cognitive Changes

Affective Changes

Challenges and Changes in the Couple and Other Social Relationships

Involvement and Preparation of Fathers During Pregnancy

Interventions to Support Parents in Preparing for Parenthood

Future Directions for Research

Implications for Policy and Practice

Conclusions

References

Parenting of Infants and Toddlers

Introduction

Theoretical Background

Changes in Parenting Tasks as the Young Child Develops

Physical Care and Safety

Nutrition

Motor Development

Control

Socialization

Parenting in the Context of Sleep

Strengths and Limitation of the Evidence Base

Future Directions for Research

Implications for Policy and Practice

Conclusion

References

Parenting of Preschool and School-Aged Children

Introduction

Theoretical Background

Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Model of Child Development

Albert Bandura’s Social Cognitive Theory and the Importance of Self-Efficacy

Erik Erikson’s Theory of Psychosocial Development

Tasks and Challenges of Parenting and Child Development Across the Lifespan

The Transition to Formal Schooling

Australian Early Development Census (AEDC)

Physical Health and Well-Being

Social Development

Emotional Development

Language and Cognitive Development

Communication

Special Populations

Parenting Gifted and Talented Children

Parenting Children with Disabilities

The Relationship Between Home and School

What Does the Home–School Partnership Look Like?

Parent’s Role in the Home–School Partnership

Benefits of the Home–School Partnership

Implications for Policy and Practice

Implications and Considerations for Special Populations

Conclusions

References

Parenting of Adolescents and Emerging Adults

Introduction

The Role of Family Risk and Protective Factors in Preventing Adolescent Behavior Problems

Some Challenges in Promoting a Positive Developmental Trajectory

What Skills do Today’s Teenagers Need to Develop?

What Skills do Parents Need to Raise Healthy Well-Adjusted Teenagers Who Will Become Well-Functioning Adults?

Specific Tasks and Challenges Associated with Parenting Adolescents and Emerging Adults

Puberty

Cognitive Development

Peer Relationships

Autonomy

What Should Parents do to Promote the Health and Well-Being of Their Teenagers?

Building and Strengthening the Parent–Teenager Relationship

Encouraging Appropriate Behavior and Discouraging Inappropriate Behavior

Promoting Autonomy

Parenting Emerging Adults

Strengths and Limitations of the Existing Evidence Base

Future Directions for Research

Implications for Policy and Practice

Conclusions

References

Parenting of Adult Children: A Neglected Area of Parenting Studies

Introduction

Theoretical Background

Tasks and Challenges Associated with Being a Parent to Adult Children

Being a Parent to Early Emerged Young Adults

Impact on Young Adult’s Transition to Adulthood

Being a Parent to the Parent

Impacts on Family Well–Being

Being a Parent to Adults with Physical and Mental Health Difficulties

Impact on Parents

Cultural Differences in Parent–Adult Child Relationships

Strengths and Limitations of the Existing Evidence for Parent–Adult Children Relationships

Future Directions

Recommendation 1: Consider the Heterogeneity of the Population

Recommendation 2: Greater Focus on the Pattern of Parent–Adult Child Interactions

Recommendation 3: The Collection of Long-Term Data

Recommendation 4: Involve the Consumer in the Program Development Stage

Recommendation 5: The Inclusion of Compassion-Based Approaches in Parent–Adult Child Interventions

Implication for Policy and Practice

Conclusions

References

Parenting and Carer Responsibilities During the Later Years

Introduction

Dementia and Relationships

The Role of Caregiving

Changing Family Dynamics

Interventions to Support Caregivers

New York University Caregiver Intervention (NYUCI)

Resources for Enhancing Alzheimer’s Caregiver Health (REACH)

Seattle Protocols

Strengths and Limitations of the Literature

Future Directions for Research, Policy and Practice

Conclusions

References

Part V: Supporting Parenting

The Impact of Poverty and Discrimination on Family Interactions and Problem Development

Introduction

The Nature of Problem Behaviors

The Role of Family Interactions in the Development of Problem Behavior

Coercion and Its Impact

Positive Reinforcement

Monitoring and Limit Setting

The Impact of Poverty on Families

The Influence of Poverty on Family Interactions

The Influence of Poverty on Positive Support

The Influence of Poverty on Monitoring and Limit Setting

Poverty as a Moderator of the Effects of Parenting Interventions

The Impact of Discrimination on Families

The Impact of Discrimination on Well-Being

Reducing the Impact of Discrimination on Children and Adolescents

The Implications of This Analysis for All Families

Policies Relevant to Family Economic Security

The Recent Evolution of Public Policy

Policies Relevant to Discrimination

A Role for Family Interventionists

Conclusions

References

Role of Universal Parenting Programs in Prevention

Introduction

Theoretical Background

Public Health Approach to Parenting

Evidence for Parenting Interventions in Context

Evaluations of Parenting Programs Offered Universally on Child Mental Health

General Mental Health

Study Populations and Interventions

Summary of Results

Externalizing Behavior Problems

Study Populations and Interventions

Summary of Results

Internalizing Behavior Problems

Study Populations and Interventions

Summary of Results

Evaluations of Parenting Programs Offered Universally on Parental Mental Health

Study Populations and Interventions

Summary of Results

Strengths and Limitations of the Evidence Base

Future Directions for Research

Implications for Policy and Practice

Conclusions

References

Parenting and Family Intervention in Treatment

Introduction

Theoretical Background

Conduct Problems

Diagnostic Criteria, Epidemiology, and Developmental Pathways

Conceptualizing Conduct Problems: Focus on the Family

Family-Based Interventions for Conduct Problems

PMT for Children with CP

Family-Based Interventions for Adolescents with CP

Strengths and Limitations of the Evidence Base

Generalization and Social Validity

Comparison Studies

Mechanisms and Moderation

Implementation

Economic Analyses

Future Directions for Research

Future Directions for Policy and Practice

Select Evidence-Based Interventions

Family-Based Treatment is a Core Intervention Component

Family-Based Treatment as Prevention

Implementation in Real-World Settings

Conclusions

References

Part VI: Implications for Policy and Practice

Towards a Comprehensive, Evidence-Based System of Parenting Support over the Lifespan

Introduction

Evidence–Based Parenting Support

Why a System of Evidence-Based Parenting Support

Parenting and Child Outcomes

The Changing Context of Parenthood

The Impact of Childhood Adversity

Improving Social, Emotional, and Academic Outcomes through Parenting Programs

Making a Multilevel System of Parenting Support Work

Applying the Minimal Sufficiency Principle

Avoiding a “One Size Fits All” Approach

Using Knowledge about Parents’ Preferences as Consumers

Enhancing Parental Self–Regulation

Targeting Other Phases of the Life Cycle

Activating Community Change Processes

Essential Features of a Population Approach

Blending of Universal and Targeted Interventions

Flexible Delivery

Cultural Adaptations of Evidence-Based Programs

Use of Administrative Data

Challenges Ahead

Strengthening the Evidence

Ensuring Sufficient Population Reach

Monitoring and Enhancing Program Fidelity

Encouraging Father Participation

Conclusions

References

Economic Benefits of Sustained Investments in Parenting

Introduction

What is the Economic Way of Thinking?

What Do We Mean by Economic Evaluation?

What Do We Know about the Economics of Parenting Interventions for Improving Child Health?

Evaluations of Parenting Interventions Targeting Child Mental Health

General Mental Health

Externalizing Behavior Problems

Study Populations

Interventions and Comparators

Economic Evaluation Methods

Summary of Results

Internalizing Behavior Problems

Evaluations of Parenting Interventions Targeting Diverse Child Health Problems

Methodological Considerations

Implications for Policy and Practice

Conclusions

References

Future Directions for Research, Policy, and Practice

Introduction

Future Directions for Research

Expanding the Lifespan Perspective on Parenting and the Parent–Child Relationship

The Cultural Context of Parenting

The Role of Fathers

Parent and Child Self-Regulation

Mechanisms of Change in Parenting Interventions

The Impact of Positive Parenting on Children’s Biology

Future Directions for Policy and Practice

A Systems-Contextual Approach to Parenting Support

Towards Integration of Prevention and Treatment Programs

Adopting a Population Approach

A Consumer and End-User Driven Approach

Multidisciplinary Approaches to Support Parenting and Parent Training

Enhancing the Social Ecology of Parenting

Integration of Parenting Intervention within the Broader Field of Parent and Child Development Support

Conclusion

References

Index