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Functional Dyspepsia - Evidences in Pathophysiology and Treatment
von: Kazunari Tominaga, Hiroaki Kusunoki
Springer-Verlag, 2018
ISBN: 9789811310744 , 184 Seiten
Format: PDF, Online Lesen
Kopierschutz: Wasserzeichen
Preis: 96,29 EUR
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Preface
5
Contents
7
Part I: Etiology
9
Chapter 1: Definition and Prevalence
10
1.1 Definition
10
1.1.1 Background and History
10
1.1.2 Uninvestigated and Investigated Dyspepsia
11
1.1.3 Subgroups
13
1.1.4 Update from Rome III to Rome IV
13
1.2 Epidemiology
14
1.3 Overlap
14
1.3.1 EPS and PDS
14
1.3.2 GERD and FD
15
1.3.3 IBS and FD
16
1.4 Pediatric FD
16
1.5 Limitation of Rome IV
17
References
18
Chapter 2: Genetic Factor
22
2.1 Introduction
22
2.2 Familial Accumulation of FD
23
2.3 The Genotype of GNB3 and FD
24
2.4 FD Clarified by Genetic Association Study in Japan
25
2.5 Conclusions
28
References
28
Chapter 3: Environmental Factors
31
3.1 Introduction
31
3.2 Food and Dyspepsia
32
3.3 Gastrointestinal Infection and Dyspepsia
33
3.4 Acute and Chronic Stress and Dyspepsia
34
3.5 Abuse as an Early-Life Stress
35
3.6 Animal Models for Functional Dyspepsia
36
3.7 Duodenal Inflammation as a Key Mechanism
36
3.8 Summary and Outlook
37
References
38
Part II: Pathophysiology
43
Chapter 4: Neuro-gastroenterology: Central and Autonomic Nervous System
44
4.1 Association of Various Stimuli from Gastrointestinal Tracts with Central Sensation and Abdominal Symptoms in FD
45
4.1.1 Gastric Acid (Chemical Stimulation)
45
4.1.2 Gastric Distension (Mechanical Stimulation)
46
4.2 Association of the CNS with Pathophysiology of FD
47
4.2.1 Regional Activity
48
4.2.2 Serotonin (5-HT) Pathway
48
4.3 Association of Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) with Pathophysiology of Functional Dyspepsia
50
4.4 Therapeutic Possibility for FD via the Neurological Pathway
52
4.4.1 Conclusions
52
References
52
Chapter 5: Neuro-gastroenterology: Enteric Nervous System
55
5.1 Enteric Nervous System
55
5.2 Enteric Glial Cells (EGCs)
56
5.3 Enteric Glial Cells and Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders
58
5.4 Conclusions
60
References
61
Chapter 6: Neuro-gastroenterology: Esophagogastric Function (Motility)
63
6.1 Basic Esophageal Motor Function
63
6.1.1 Upper Esophageal Sphincter (UES)
64
6.1.2 Primary Peristaltic Contraction
64
6.1.3 Secondary Peristaltic Contraction
65
6.1.4 Lower Esophageal Sphincter (LES)
65
6.2 Functional Esophageal Diseases
66
6.2.1 Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)
66
6.2.2 Esophageal Motility Disorders
67
6.3 The Relationship Between Functional Dyspepsia (FD) and Functional Esophageal Diseases
68
6.3.1 Commonality Between FD and GERD
68
6.3.2 Involvement of the Nitroxidergic Nerve with the Esophagus and Stomach
69
6.4 Differentiating FD and Functional Esophageal Diseases
69
6.4.1 Difficulty in Differentiating Between FD and GERD
69
6.4.2 Limitations in Clinical Symptoms and Diagnosis
70
6.5 Future Considerations
70
References
71
Chapter 7: Neuro-gastroenterology: Gastroduodenal Function (Motility) and Ultrasonographic Assessment
72
7.1 Gastrointestinal Motility Disorders
73
7.1.1 Test Meal (Consommé Soup)
79
7.2 Parameters
80
7.2.1 Fasting Antral Area (FAA)
80
7.2.2 Gastric Accommodation Reflex (GAR)
81
7.2.3 Gastric Emptying (Gastric Emptying Rate: GER)
81
7.2.4 Antral Contractions (Motility Index: MI)
82
7.2.5 Duodenogastric Reflux (DGR)
82
7.3 US Methods
85
7.3.1 Pharmacometrics
89
7.3.1.1 Acotiamide
90
7.3.1.2 Rikkunshito
91
References
92
Chapter 8: Ghrelin and Functional Dyspepsia
94
8.1 Introduction
95
8.2 Ghrelin
95
8.2.1 Ghrelin Action
95
8.2.2 Ghrelin and FD
98
8.2.3 Ghrelin and Stress-Related Hormones
99
8.2.4 Summary
104
References
104
Chapter 9: Psycho-gastroenterology
107
9.1 Introduction
107
9.2 Epidemiology
108
9.2.1 Psychiatric Comorbidity: Anxiety and Depression
108
9.2.2 Personality: Neuroticism, Perfectionism, and Alexithymia
108
9.2.3 Anxiety and Depression: Predictors of Onset of Functional Dyspepsia
109
9.3 Quality of Life: Physical and Mental
109
9.4 Gut–Brain Pathophysiology
110
9.5 Brain Imaging Studies in Functional Dyspepsia
110
9.5.1 Gastric Hypersensitivity and Anxiety in Brain Function
110
9.5.2 Abnormal Brain Connectivity
111
9.5.3 Abuse History and Brain Function
111
9.5.4 Resting-State Positron-Emission Tomography
112
9.5.5 Brain Function and Functional Dyspepsia with and Without Comorbid Anxiety and Depression
112
9.6 Treatment
112
9.6.1 Placebo
112
9.6.2 Antidepressants
113
9.6.3 Psychological Therapy
114
9.7 Conclusions
114
References
114
Chapter 10: Visceral Hypersensitivity Through Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid 1 Channels (TRPV1) in Functional Dyspepsia
118
10.1 Introduction
119
10.2 Visceral Pain Induced by Mucosal Inflammation
120
10.3 Transient Receptor Potential (TRP) Channels
120
10.4 TRPV1
121
10.4.1 Physiological Role of TRPV1
121
10.4.2 Inflammatory Bowel Disease Is Associated with Upregulation of TRPV1 in Nerve Fibers of the Colon
124
10.5 Nerve Growth Factor (NGF) and Visceral Hypersensitivity
124
10.6 Conclusion
125
References
126
Part III: Treatment
128
Chapter 11: Efficacy of Acid Suppression Therapy
129
11.1 Background
129
11.2 Cochrane Meta-Analysis (H2RAs and PPIs)
131
11.2.1 H2RA
131
11.2.1.1 H2RA Versus Placebo
131
11.2.1.2 Adverse Events
132
11.2.2 PPI
132
11.2.2.1 PPI Versus Placebo
132
11.2.2.2 Adverse Events
133
11.2.2.3 The Effect of PPIs on Individual Dyspepsia Symptoms
133
11.2.2.4 FD and PPI Metabolism
133
11.2.2.5 Geographical Location
133
11.2.3 H2RA Versus PPI
134
11.3 Antacids and Mucosal Protection
134
11.4 FD and H. pylori Infection
134
11.4.1 FD and H. pylori Eradication Therapy
134
11.4.2 Acid Secretion Inhibitory Drugs and H. pylori Status
135
11.5 Conclusion
135
References
135
Chapter 12: Prokinetics
139
12.1 Introduction
140
12.2 Gastrointestinal Motility and FD
141
12.3 Use of Prokinetics as FD Therapeutic Agents
141
12.4 Usefulness of Acotiamide for Treating FD
142
12.5 Conclusions
144
References
145
Chapter 13: Herbal Medicine
146
13.1 Introduction
147
13.2 Rikkunshito
147
13.3 Hange-koboku-to
149
13.4 Other Agents
149
13.5 Precautions When Using Chinese Herbal Medicines
150
13.6 Conclusion
150
References
150
Part IV: Recent Special Topics: Future Treatment Possibility
152
Chapter 14: Gut Dysbiosis and Its Treatment in Patients with Functional Dyspepsia
153
14.1 Introduction
153
14.2 Postinfectious FD
154
14.3 Gastric Dysbiosis in FD
155
14.4 Duodenal Inflammation and Dysbiosis in FD
156
14.5 Mucosa-Associated Microbiota (MAM) in FD
157
14.6 Treatment for Gut Dysbiosis in FD
159
14.7 Conclusion
161
References
161
Chapter 15: Visceral Hypersensitivity in Functional Dyspepsia (FD): Therapeutic Approaches to FD Based on Suppression of Visceral Hypersensitivity
165
15.1 Pathophysiology of FD in FGID
166
15.2 Visceral Hypersensitivity as One of the Pathophysiologies of FD
166
15.3 Assessment of Visceral Hypersensitivity in FD
167
15.4 Mechanisms of Visceral Hypersensitivity
167
15.5 Foods and Lipids Affecting Visceral Hypersensitivity
168
15.6 Psychosocial Factors Affecting Visceral Hypersensitivity
169
15.7 Therapeutics in FD Based on Suppression of Visceral Hypersensitization
169
15.7.1 Drugs for the Improvement of PDS and EPS in FD
170
15.7.2 Drugs Affecting CNS for Reducing Visceral Hypersensitivity
170
15.7.3 Herbal Medicines
170
15.7.3.1 STW5 (Iberogast®) for the Treatment of FD
170
15.7.3.2 Korean Herbal Medicines for the Treatment of FD
171
15.7.3.3 Japanese Kampo Medicine for the Treatment of FD
171
15.8 Conclusion
172
References
173
Chapter 16: Pancreatic Exocrine Function
176
16.1 Type of Upper Abdominal Symptoms and the Abdominal Region of Symptom Feeling
176
16.1.1 Prevalence Rate of the Common Symptoms and Perception Site of the Abdominal Regions
177
16.1.2 Abdominal Symptoms at the Upper and Lower Epigastrium
180
16.2 Pathogenesis of FD in the Digestive Process
180
16.3 Pancreatic Exocrine Function
181
16.4 Conclusions
183
References
184