Residual Stresses and Nanoindentation Testing of Films and Coatings

Preface

About the Book

Contents

1 Residual Stresses of Materials

1.1 Definition and Classification of Residual Stresses

1.2 Formation Mechanism of Residual Stress

1.2.1 Formation Mechanism of Macroscopic Residual Stress

1.2.2 Formation Mechanism of Microscopic Residual Stress

1.3 Effect of Residual Stress on Properties of Materials

1.3.1 Effect of Residual Stress on Fatigue Strength

1.3.2 Effect of Residual Stress on Brittle Failure

1.3.3 Effect of Residual Stress on Stress Corrosion Cracking

1.3.4 Effect of Residual Stress on Machining Precision and Dimension Stability

1.4 Test Methods of Residual Stress

1.4.1 Nondestructive Testing Methods

1.4.1.1 X-ray Diffraction Method

1.4.1.2 Neutron Diffraction Method

1.4.1.3 Raman Spectroscopy Method

1.4.1.4 Ultrasonic Method

1.4.1.5 Magnetic Method

1.4.1.6 Synchrotron Radiation Method

1.4.2 Destructive Testing Methods

1.4.2.1 Hole Drilling Method

1.4.2.2 Stripping Method

1.4.2.3 Ring Core Method

1.4.2.4 Sectioning Method

1.4.2.5 Cutting Groove Method

References

2 Principle and Methods of Nanoindentation Test

2.1 Overview of Nanoindentation Technique

2.2 Measurement Principles of Hardness and Elastic Modulus

2.2.1 Oliver and Pharr Method (O&P Method)

2.2.2 Work-of-Indentation Method

2.2.3 Continuous Stiffness Measurement

2.3 Nanoindentation Testing Method

2.3.1 Indenter Types

2.3.2 Nanoindentation Instrumentation

2.4 Factors Affecting Nanoindentation Test Results

References

3 Theoretical Models for Measuring Residual Stress by Nanoindentation Method

3.1 Principle of Measuring Residual Stress by Nanoindentation Method

3.2 Effect of Residual Stress on Nanoindentation Parameters [5]

3.2.1 Effect of Residual Stress on Load–Depth Curves

3.2.2 Effect of Residual Stress on Pile-up Deformation

3.2.3 Effect of Residual Stress on Contact Area

3.2.4 Effect of Residual Stress on Mechanical Properties

3.3 Models for Measuring Residual Stress

3.3.1 Suresh Model

3.3.2 Lee Model

3.3.2.1 Lee Model I

3.3.2.2 Lee Model II

3.3.3 Xu Model

3.3.4 Swadener Model

3.3.4.1 Swadener Model I

3.3.4.2 Swadener Model II

3.4 Indentation Fracture Technique

References

4 Application of Suresh and Lee Models in the Measurement of Residual Stress of Bulk Materials

4.1 Measurement of Residual Stresses in Single Crystal Copper

4.1.1 Pile-up of Single Crystal Copper

4.1.2 Model Construction of the Real Contact Area

4.1.3 Comparison of Different Methods for Calculating Contact Area

4.1.4 The Real Contact Area of the Single Crystal Copper

4.1.5 The Real Hardness of the Single Crystal Copper

4.1.6 Residual Stress Calculation of the Single Crystal Copper

4.2 Residual Stress Determination of 1045 Steel

4.2.1 Experimental

4.2.2 Load–Depth Curves of the 1045 Steel

4.2.3 Pile-up Deformation of the 1045 Steel

4.2.4 The Real Hardness of the 1045 Steel

4.2.5 Calculation of Residual Stresses of the 1045 Steel

References

5 Application of Suresh and Lee Models in the Measurement of Residual Stress of Coatings

5.1 Residual Stresses of Fe-Based Laser Cladding Coatings

5.1.1 Preparation of Fe-Based Laser Cladding Coatings

5.1.2 Microstructures of Fe-Based Laser Cladding Coatings

5.1.3 Residual Stress Analysis of Fe-Based Laser Cladding Coatings

5.2 Residual Stress of Fe-Based Coatings Prepared by Supersonic Plasma Spraying

5.2.1 Preparation of Sprayed Fe-Based Coatings

5.2.2 Microstructure of Sprayed Fe-Based Coatings

5.2.3 Residual Stress Analysis of Sprayed Fe-Based Coatings

5.3 Residual Stress of Plasma Cladding Coatings

5.3.1 Preparation of Plasma Cladding Coatings

5.3.2 Microstructure of Plasma Cladding Coatings

5.3.3 Mechanical Properties of Plasma Cladding Coatings

5.3.4 Residual Stress Analysis of Plasma Cladding Coatings

5.4 Residual Stress of n-Al2O3/Ni Composite Brush Plating Coatings

5.4.1 Preparation of n-Al2O3/Ni Composite Brush Plating Coatings

5.4.2 Microstructure of n-Al2O3/Ni Composite Brush Plating Coatings

5.4.3 Mechanical Properties of n-Al2O3/Ni Composite Brush Plating Coatings

5.4.4 Residual Stress Analysis of n-Al2O3/Ni Composite Brush Plating Coatings

References

6 Application of Suresh and Lee Models in the Measurement of Residual Stress of Films

6.1 Residual Stress of Magnetron Sputtering Cu Films

6.1.1 Preparation of Magnetron Sputtering Cu Films

6.1.2 Microstructure of Magnetron Sputtering Cu Films

6.1.3 Mechanical Properties of Magnetron Sputtering Cu Films

6.1.4 Residual Stress Analysis of Magnetron Sputtering Cu Films

6.2 Residual Stress of Magnetron Sputtering Ti Films [4, 5]

6.2.1 Preparation and Characterization of Magnetron Sputtering Ti Films

6.2.2 Effects of Process Parameters on the Hardness and Elastic Modulus of Ti Films

6.2.3 Effect of Process Parameters on the Residual Stress of Ti Films

6.3 Residual Stress of TiN Films and Ti/TiN Multilayer Films [6]

6.3.1 Preparation and Characterization of TiN Films

6.3.2 Preparation and Characterization of Ti/TiN Multilayer Films

6.3.3 Hardness and Elastic Modulus of Ti/TiN Multilayer Films [7]

6.3.4 Residual Stress Analysis of TiN and Ti/TiN Multilayer Films

References

7 Application of Other Models in the Measurement of Residual Stress

7.1 Application of the Xu Model

7.2 Application of the Swadener Model

7.2.1 Measurement of Surface Residual Stresses in SiC Particle-Reinforced Al Matrix Composites

7.2.2 Measurement of Residual Stresses in Cu and Cr Films

7.2.2.1 Cu Films

7.2.2.2 Cr Films

7.3 Application of Indentation Fracture Method

7.3.1 Measurement of Residual Stresses in Three-Layer Reaction Bonded Alumina Composites

7.3.2 Measurement of Residual Stresses in Soda-Lime Glass

7.3.3 Measurement of Residual Stresses in Lithium Disilicate Glass-Ceramic

References