List of Figures

1. Figure 1.1 T1¾ (5 mm) LEDs.
2. Figure 1.2 Fluorescent tube's spectral power distribution. (Source: http://www.gelighting.com/na/business_lighting/education_resources/learn_about_light/pop_curves.htm?1.)
3. Figure 1.3 LEDs can be used everywhere. (Source: Kaist, KAPID.)
4. Figure 1.4 Haitz's law. (Source: http://i.cmpnet.com/planetanalog/2007/07/C0206-Figure3.gif. Reprinted with permission from Planet Analog/EE Times, copyright United Business Media, all rights reserved.)
5. Figure 2.1 Currents in a fluorescent tube.
6. Figure 2.2 Various bulb shapes. (Courtesy of Halco Lighting Technologies.)
7. Figure 3.1 The electromagnetic spectrum.
8. Figure 3.2 Scotopic vision is much more sensitive than photopic vision. (Source: Kalloniatis and Luu (2007).)
9. Figure 3.3 Emission spectra of four common light sources.
10. Figure 3.4 Solar radiation spectrum. (Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Solar_Spectrum.png under license http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/. Accessed January 2011.)
11. Figure 3.5 One steradian intersects 1 m2 of area of a 1-m radius ball. (Source: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Steradian.png under license http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/.)
12. Figure 3.6 Solid angle in steradians (sr) versus half beam angle in degrees (°).
13. Figure 3.7 Definition of beam angle.
14. Figure 3.8 Typical Lambertian radiation pattern. (Source: Technical Datasheet DS56, Power Light Source Luxeon Rebel, Philips Lumileds Lighting Co., 2007.)
15. Figure 3.9 Dimensions for a USB keyboard light design.
16. Figure 3.10 Spectra of neutral-white (a) and warm-white (b) LEDs. (Source: Technical Datasheet DS56, Power Light Source Luxeon Rebel, Philips Lumileds Lighting Co., 2007.)
17. Figure 3.11 CIE 1931 (x, y) chromaticity space, showing the Planck line and lines of constant CCT. (Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_temperature under license http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/.)
18. Figure 3.12 (x, y) Chromaticity diagram showing CCT and seven-step MacAdam ellipses. (Source: http://www.photonics.com/Article.aspx?AID=34311.)
19. Figure 3.13 (a) Cool white fluorescent 4100 K, CRI 60; (b): Incandescent, 2800 K, CRI 100; (c): Reveal® incandescent 2800 K, CRI 78. (Source: http://www.gelighting.com/eu/resources/learn_about_light/pop_color_booth.html.)
20. Figure 3.14 Approximate Munsell test color samples. (Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_rendering_index under license http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/.)
21. Figure 3.15 Circadian rhythm sensitivity. (Source: “Visibility, Environmental and Astronomical Issues Associated with Blue-Rich White Outdoor Lighting,” May 2010, IDA. Image copyright of IDA.)
22. Figure 3.16 Identical gray boxes look different depending on their background.
23. Figure 4.1 Reverse bias protection.
24. Figure 4.2 LEDs with reverse bias protection.
25. Figure 4.3 Light output as a function of current. (Source: Technical Datasheet DS56, Power Light Source Luxeon Rebel, Philips Lumileds Lighting Company, 2007.)
26. Figure 4.4 Forward voltage as a function of current. (Source: Technical Datasheet DS56, Power Light Source Luxeon Rebel, Philips Lumileds Lighting Company, 2007.
27. Figure 4.5 Efficacy versus drive current.
28. Figure 4.6 Light output as a function of wavelength. (Source: Technical Datasheet DS56, Power Light Source Luxeon Rebel, Philips Lumileds Lighting Co., 2007.)
29. Figure 4.7 Many LEDs have poor R9. (Source: http://www.yegopto.co.uk/LightingLEDs/CRI_Seoul_Semi.)
30. Figure 4.8 (x, y) as a function of current. (Source: C6060-16014-CW/NW Datasheet, Intematix Technology Center Corp., 3/2008.)
31. Figure 4.9 Different output light distributions are available. (Source: http://www.philipslumileds.com/technology/radiationpatterns.cfm.)
32. Figure 4.10 Neutral-white bin structure. ( Source: Technical Datasheet DS56, Power Light Source Luxeon Rebel, Philips Lumileds Lighting Company, 2007.)
33. Figure 5.1 Brightness as a function of temperature. (Source: “Technical Datasheet DS56, Power Light Source Luxeon Rebel,” Philips Lumileds Lighting Company, 2007.)
34. Figure 5.2 LED temperature profile for parameters given in the text.
35. Figure 5.3 Forward voltage as a function of current. (Source: “Technical Datasheet DS56, Power Light Source Luxeon Rebel”, Philips Lumileds Lighting Company, 2007.)
36. Figure 6.1 Thermal model for LED example.
37. Figure 6.2 Thermal model of two parallel thermal paths.
38. Figure 6.3 LED temperature as a function of time.
39. Figure 6.4 There are many thermal paths to ambient.
40. Figure 6.5 Estimating temperature rise from power density.69
41. Figure 6.6 An LED heat sink. (Source: http://www.aavidthermalloy.com/cgi-bin/stdisp.pl?Pnum=569000b00000g. Courtesy Aavid Thermalloy.)
42. Figure 7.1 I–V curve of 12 V battery. (Source: Lenk (1998).)
43. Figure 7.2 Alkaline cell battery voltage as a function of time with a resistive load. (Source: Rayovac, OEM 151 (R-3/99), “Application Notes & Product Data Sheet,” “Primary Batteries—Alkaline & Heavy Duty,” Figure 1. Property of Spectrum Brands, Inc.)
44. Figure 7.3 Operating a transistor in linear mode is inefficient.
45. Figure 7.4 When the Transistor (t) is on, current in the inductor (I) increases; when the transistor is off, current in the inductor decreases.
46. Figure 7.5 LM3405 schematic for buck. (Source: LM3405 datasheet, National Semiconductor, February 2007.)
47. Figure 7.6 FAN5333A schematic for boost. (Source: FAN5333A datasheet, Fairchild Semiconductor, August 2005.)
48. Figure 7.7 HV9910 schematic for buck-boost. (Source: HV9910 datasheet, Supertex Inc., 2006.)
49. Figure 7.8 Pulse width modulation turns the current rapidly on and off to get an average current.
50. Figure 7.9 Dimming circuit.
51. Figure 7.10 The effect of the current sense resistor is compensated by putting one in series with each string.
52. Figure 7.11 LED forward voltage variation can be compensated at the cost of additional power.
53. Figure 7.12 Ballasting LED strings with total current sensing.
54. Figure 8.1 Block diagram of AC SMPS for LED lighting.
55. Figure 8.2 A bridge rectifier.
56. Figure 8.3 Half-wave rectification.
57. Figure 8.4 Reducing the ripple from a bridge rectifier with a capacitor.
58. Figure 8.5 Running LEDs directly off-line.
59. Figure 8.6 How the off-line buck works.
60. Figure 8.7 A nonisolated off-line LED driver.
61. Figure 8.8 Adding a transformer makes the converter into a forward.
62. Figure 8.9 Adding a transformer makes the converter into a flyback.
63. Figure 8.10 Protecting the HV9910 from high voltages.
64. Figure 8.11 Resistors balance voltages for series capacitors.
65. Figure 8.12 Normal mode EMI filtering for a two-wire input.
66. Figure 8.13 Common mode EMI filtering added for a three-wire input.
67. Figure 8.14 Current loops may cause EMI problems: reducing loop area helps.
68. Figure 8.15 A big capacitor maintains constant voltage during the line cycle, generating large peak currents and bad power factor.
69. Figure 8.16 A smaller and cheaper PFC.
70. Figure 8.17 Simple power factor correction circuit.
71. Figure 8.18 Adding an MOV to the design protects it moderately well from lightning.
72. Figure 8.19 Output waveform of a triac dimmer.
73. Figure 8.20 Keeping an IC's power alive during the off-time of a dimmer.
74. Figure 8.21 As ripple current increases, power loss in the LED also increases. (Source: Betten and Kollman (2007). Used by permission of Electronics Technology, a Penton Media publication.)
75. Figure 8.22 Forward voltage increases with increasing current.
76. Figure 8.23 Increasing the current does not proportionally increase the light. (Source: Technical Datasheet DS56, Power Light Source Luxeon Rebel, Philips Lumileds Lighting Co., 2007.)
77. Figure 8.24 200 mApp ripple current on a 350 mA DC drive.
78. Figure 9.1 A good schematic.
79. Figure 9.2 A schematic that could be improved. (Source: HV9910 datasheet, Supertex Inc., 2006.)
80. Figure 9.3 Poor grounding layout (a) and improved layout (b).
81. Figure 9.4 Soda-lime glass optical transmission. (Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Soda_Lime.jpg under license http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/.)
82. Figure 9.5 DALI topologies.
83. Figure 10.1 FAN5333A schematic for flashlight.
84. Figure 10.2...