A Hetero-functional Graph Theory for Modeling Interdependent Smart City Infrastructure

Cities have always played a prominent role in the prosperity of civilization.   Indeed, every great civilization we can think of is associated with the prominence of one or more thriving cities.   And so understanding cities -- their inhabitants, their institutions, their infrastructure -- what they are and how they work independently and together -- is of fundamental importance to our collective growth as a human civilization.  Furthermore, the 21st century 'smart' city, as a result global climate change and large-scale urbanization, will emerge as a societal grand challenge. 
This book focuses on the role of interdependent infrastructure systems in such smart cities especially as it relates to timely and poignant questions about resilience and sustainability.  In particular, the goal of this book is to present, in one volume, a consistent Hetero-Functional Graph Theoretic (HFGT) treatment of interdependent smart city infrastructures as an overarching application domain of engineering systems.  This work may be contrasted to the growing literature on multi-layer networks, which despite significant theoretical advances in recent years, has modeling limitations that prevent their real-world application to interdependent smart city infrastructures of arbitrary topology. In contrast, this book demonstrates that HFGT can be applied extensibly to an arbitrary number of arbitrarily connected topologies of interdependent smart city infrastructures. It also integrates, for the first time, all six matrices of HFGT in a single system adjacency matrix. 

The book makes every effort to be accessible to a broad audience of infrastructure system practitioners and researchers (e.g. electric power system planners, transportation engineers, and hydrologists, etc.). Consequently, the book has extensively visualized the graph theoretic concepts for greater intuition and clarity.  Nevertheless, the book does require a common methodological base of its readers and directs itself to the Model-Based Systems Engineering (MBSE) community and the Network Science Community (NSC). To the MBSE community, we hope that HFGT will be accepted as a quantification of many of the structural concepts found in model-based systems engineering languages like SysML.  To the NSC, we hope to present a new view as how to construct graphs with fundamentally different meaning and insight.  Finally, it is our hope that HFGT serves to overcome many of the theoretical and modeling limitations that have hindered our ability to systematically understand the structure and function of smart cities.   



Wester C.H. Schoonenberg is a Doctoral Research Assistant in the Laboratory for Intelligent Integrated Networks of Engineering Systems (LIINES), at the Thayer School of Engineering at Dartmouth.  His research interests include Integrated Smart City Infrastructure Modeling, and Industrial Energy Management & Demand Response.  Wester received his B.Sc. in 2014 from the department of Systems Engineering and Policy Analysis Management at Delft University of Technology, and joined the LIINES directly thereafter. 

Inas Khayal, Ph.D. is an Assistant Professor at the Dartmouth Institute of Health Policy & Clinical Practice at the Geisel School of Medicine and Adjunct Assistant Professor at the Department of Computer Science at Dartmouth College.  Dr. Khayal is a highly interdisciplinary researcher focused on translational research towards improving chronic disease health outcomes. This began with her biomedical research within the clinic, focused on biological sensing in NeuroOncology and MR Imaging.  Her work expanded to include Social and Environmental Sensing using Internet-of-Things enabled sensors outside the clinic and within 'real-world' living labs.  Her work acts at the intersection of engineering, medicine, computer science and innovation to address the reality of the multi-level interconnected systems we live in.  Her most recent work seeks to develop systems solutions that curb the growth of chronic disease by modeling, measuring, designing and implementing systems.  Dr. Khayal earned her PhD in Bioengineering from both the University of California, Berkeley and the University of California, San Francisco, a BS in Biomedical Engineering from Boston University and completed the Management of Technology Program from the University of California, Berkeley, Haas School of Business.  She holds several US, European, and International patents and is featured in the book Medicine by Design:  The Practice and Promise of Biomedical Engineering by Fen Montaigne.  She has also been selected as a 2017 Systems Science Scholar by AcademyHealth.  She has served on the faculty in the departments of Medicine, Engineering and Computer Science.   
Prof. Amro M. Farid is currently an Associate Professor of Engineering at the Thayer School of Engineering at Dartmouth and Adjunct Associate Professor of computer science at the Department of Computer Science. He leads the Laboratory for Intelligent Integrated Networks of Engineering Systems  (LIINES).  The laboratory maintains an active research program in

• Smart Power Grids
Energy-Water Nexus
• Energy-Transportation Nexus
• Industrial Energy Management & Demand Response
• Integrated Smart City Infrastructures 

He received his Sc. B. in 2000 and his Sc. M. 2002 from the MIT Mechanical Engineering Department. He went onto complete his Ph.D. degree at the Institute for Manufacturing within the University of Cambridge (UK) Engineering Department in 2007. He has varied industrial experiences from the automotive, semiconductor, defense, chemical, and manufacturing sectors. In 2010, he began his academic career as a visiting scholar at the MIT Technology Development Program. He is also a Research Affiliate at the MIT Mechanical Engineering Department and the U. of Massachusetts Transportation Research Center. He has made active contributions to the MIT-Masdar Institute Collaborative Initiative, the MIT Future of the Electricity Grid Study, and the IEEE Vision for Smart Grid Controls. He currently serves on the Executive Committee for the Council of Engineering Systems Universities (CESUN). He is a senior member of the IEEE and holds leadership positions in the IEEE Control Systems Society (CSS) Technical Committee on Smart Grids, and the IEEE Systems, Man & Cybernetics (SMC) Technical Committee on Intelligent Industrial Systems. He is also a member of the IEEE SMC Technical Committee on Distributed Intelligent Systems, the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society Technical Committee on Industrial Agents, and the ASME Dynamics Systems & Control Division.